What is expected from this summer’s GCSE results?

– How do GCSE grades differ across the UK?

In England, GCSEs are graded using a numerical system from 9 to 1 rather than from A* to G – with 9 being the highest grade.

A grade 7 and above is roughly equivalent to an A and above, while a grade 4 and above – which is considered a “standard pass” –  is roughly equivalent to a C and above.

But Government performance data highlights the percentage of pupils in a school who achieved a grade 5 or above in both English and maths – which is roughly equivalent to a high grade C or low grade B.

The rollout of the numerical grading system began in 2017 in England, and by 2020, all subjects were graded in numbers.

In Northern Ireland, the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment uses a nine-category grade scale A* – G – which includes a C*.

In Wales, the traditional eight-category grade scale A*- G has been retained.

Scotland has a different qualification system and pupils received their results for National 5 exams on August 6.

– How do approaches to grading differ?

In England, Ofqual has said it expects this year’s GCSE results to be “broadly similar” to last year, when grades were restored to pre-pandemic levels.

In Wales and Northern Ireland, exam regulators have said they aim to return to pre-pandemic grading levels this summer – a year later than in England.

It comes after Covid-19 led to an increase in top GCSE grades in 2020 and 2021, with results based on teacher assessments instead of exams.

But last week, the proportion of A-level entries in England, Wales and Northern Ireland awarded top grades surpassed pre-pandemic highs.

Ofqual’s chief regulator Sir Ian Bauckham said standards had been maintained, adding that any change was “largely due to the ability of the cohort”.

– Was anything done this summer to support pupils taking GCSE exams?

Most pupils who took their GCSE exams this summer were in Year 7 when schools closed after the national lockdown in 2020.

In England, pupils were given formulae and equation sheets in GCSE mathematics, physics, and combined science exams to recognise the pandemic disruption to their secondary education.

The exam aids were also given to pupils last year, but they are not expected to be in place in 2025.

In Wales, the maths and science GCSE exams sat by pupils included relevant formulae within the papers, but these were already there before the pandemic.

Last summer, many GCSE students in Wales and Northern Ireland were given advance information about topics to expect in their exam papers, but this was not in place this year.

– What can students do if they are not happy with their results?

Pupils are advised to speak to their preferred school or college to see if they can be flexible on entry requirements if they have just missed the grades.

In England, if a student is unhappy with their grade they can ask also their school or college to request that the exam board review the marking.

If there are still concerns after the review, the student can ask their school or college to appeal against the result.

Students can also choose to resit any GCSE exam in the summer of the following academic year if they are unhappy with their results.

But students can retake English language and maths GCSEs from this autumn.

In England, it is a requirement for students who do not secure at least a grade 4 in English language and/or maths GCSE to retake the subjects during post-16 education.

Students are funded to retake maths and/or English until they achieve a GCSE grade 9 to 4.

For students with a grade 2 or below, they can either study towards a pass in functional skills level 2 or towards a GCSE grade 9 to 4.

– Were pupils in schools affected by crumbling concrete given extra help?

Department for Education (DfE) figures show 234 education settings in England have been identified as having Raac in their buildings. Of these, 94 are listed as secondary or all-through state schools.

The Joint Council for Qualifications (JCQ) said “special consideration” – which is given to a candidate who has temporarily experienced illness, injury or some other event outside their control at the time of their assessment – would not be granted for disruption to teaching and learning over the year due to Raac.

But this year, exam boards have offered extended coursework deadlines to schools and colleges which have struggled to access specialist facilities for non-examination assessments due to Raac.

Schools and colleges are also able to apply under the established “special consideration” process – where marks can be adjusted to take into account unforeseen circumstances – if they feel their results have been affected by Raac disruption during exams – such as a “noisy environment” in the exam hall.